Recommendation R-X/2015 “Accounting for financial investments for which the current market value is not determined in the case of transactions involving the gratuitous transfer of assets by the parent company”

Types of securities

According to Art. 142 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, a security is a document certifying property rights, the exercise or transfer of which is possible only upon presentation.

The circulation of securities means their purchase and sale and other actions leading to a change in the owner of the securities.

Any enterprise, joint-stock companies (JSC) and credit institutions have the right to issue securities.

Securities include shares of joint stock companies, bonds, certificates of deposit, bills, etc. The issue and circulation of securities are regulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

A share is a security confirming the contribution of funds by its owner to the authorized capital of a joint-stock company, giving the right to receive income from its activities, distribution of the remaining property upon liquidation of the company and to participate in the management of this company.

The promotion has no validity period and exists as long as the JSC operates. Shares can be registered or bearer; ordinary and privileged.

Registered shares contain the name of the owner and are recorded in the share registration book, indicating in it information about each registered share, the time of acquisition and the number of shares of individual shareholders.

For bearer shares, only their total number is recorded in the book; they do not contain the name of the owner.

Ordinary shares give the right to participate in the management of the joint-stock company and to receive dividends in the amount determined by the meeting of shareholders at the end of the reporting period.

Preferred shares provide the owner with a preferential right to receive dividends in the form of a firm fixed percentage, but do not give him the right to vote in the joint-stock company.

A bond is a security that confirms an obligation to compensate its holder for its nominal value with payment of a fixed interest.

The holder of the bond is a creditor of the joint-stock company or enterprise that issued the bonds.

Bonds can be issued registered or bearer, interest-bearing or interest-free, freely circulating or with a limited circulation.

The joint-stock company issues bonds only after full payment of all issued shares in the amount of no more than 25% of the authorized capital.

Interest on bonds is paid either periodically during the period for which they are issued or in a lump sum upon the maturity of the bond.

A bill of exchange is a security that certifies the unconditional obligation of the drawer to pay, upon maturity, a certain amount to the holder of the bill (the owner of the bill).

A bill of exchange is not only a convenient form of payment, but also a type of commercial loan, since payment of a bill does not occur immediately, but after a certain time, during which the amount of the bill is at the disposal of the drawer.

A bill of exchange is a unilateral monetary debt obligation in which only the drawer undertakes to pay the amount specified in it

Securities are a means of financing, lending, redistributing financial resources, and investing cash savings.

According to the nature of the object issuing securities, they are:

• government;
• non-state;
• securities of foreign issuers.

Depending on the nature of the operations and transactions hidden behind the issue of securities, as well as the purposes of their issue, they are divided into:

• stock, or monetary. These include stocks and bonds and securities derived from them that are traded on stock exchanges;
• commercial (capital), servicing the process of trade turnover and certain property transactions (bills, checks, mortgages, etc.).

Capital securities are issued for the purpose of forming or increasing the capital of an enterprise necessary for the development of production.

Valuation of securities

The following types of valuation of securities are distinguished: Nominal value - the amount indicated on the form of the security (CB). The total value of all shares at par value reflects the amount of the organization's authorized capital.

Exchange (market) value is the price determined as the result of the quotation of securities on the secondary market, i.e., reflects the real value based on supply and demand in a certain time interval.

Issue price is the selling price of a security during its initial placement. It may not coincide with the nominal value. The difference between the sale price and the nominal value constitutes the organization's share premium.

The book value of shares is determined according to the balance sheet by dividing the own sources of property by the number of issued shares, i.e., the value at which the securities are reflected in the balance sheet.

Book value is the cost at which securities are reflected in the accounting accounts.

Liquidation value is the value of the property being sold by a liquidated organization in actual prices paid per share or bond.

In accordance with the Regulations on Accounting and Reporting, financial investments are taken into account in the amount of actual costs for investors.

Concept and classification of financial investments

According to the Accounting Regulations “Accounting for Financial Investments” PBU 19/02, financial investments include investments of an organization in the authorized capital and securities of other organizations, costs of purchasing state and municipal securities, amounts of loans granted to other organizations, deposits in credit institutions, receivables acquired on the basis of assignment of the right of claim, etc.

To accept assets for accounting as financial investments, the following conditions must be simultaneously met:

• the presence of properly executed documents confirming the existence of the organization’s right to financial investments and to receive funds or other assets arising from this right;
• transition to organizing financial risks associated with financial investments (risk of price changes, risk of debtor insolvency, liquidity risk, etc.);
• the ability to bring economic benefits (income) to the organization in the future in the form of interest, dividends, increases in their value (in the form of the difference between the sale (redemption) price of a financial investment and its purchase value, as a result of its exchange, use in repaying the organization’s obligations, an increase in the current market cost).

The organization's financial investments do not include:

• own shares purchased by the joint-stock company from shareholders for subsequent resale or cancellation;
• bills issued by an organization (seller) when paying for goods sold, products, work performed, services rendered;
• precious metals, jewelry, works of art acquired for purposes other than normal activities;
• investments of an organization in real estate that has a tangible form, presented by the organization for a fee for temporary use in order to generate income.

Financial investments are classified according to various criteria:

• in connection with the authorized capital;
• forms of ownership;
• the time frame for which they were produced.

According to the form of ownership, government and non-government securities are distinguished.

Depending on the period for which the securities were issued, they are divided into:

• long-term, when their repayment period exceeds 1 year;
• short-term, when their repayment period does not exceed 1 year.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM

The parent company, if necessary, can provide financial and other support to its subsidiary in order to increase its net assets. Such support can take various forms, including the purchase of additionally issued shares, contribution to property, gratuitous transfer of assets, forgiveness of liabilities, etc. In all cases, the parent company continues to control the transferred assets, since it controls its subsidiary.

At the same time, not in all cases of such support, the accounting procedure is regulated in Russian regulatory legal acts on accounting. PBU 19/02 “Accounting for Financial Investments”[1] directly or indirectly regulates accounting in the following cases:

— in the case of the acquisition of additional shares/shares, clause 8 of PBU 19/02 prescribes that they be accepted for accounting at their original cost.

— in cases where financial support is not related to the purchase of shares/shares, but leads to an increase in the net assets of the subsidiary, it is possible to determine the current market value of such shares in the prescribed manner. As a result of the financial support, the market value of the shares is likely to increase, which will, in turn, increase the value of existing equity investments in that company in the parent company's accounts.

However, accounting is not regulated if there is no purchase of new shares, and the current market value of existing shares cannot be determined. This also includes the most common case - when such support is provided to a 100% subsidiary.

In some cases, legislation allows the issue of shares or shares in favor of existing holders of equity instruments at the expense of additional capital, retained earnings or other reserves in the company's equity capital. In these cases, the parent company reflects the corresponding investments at zero cost, because its actual costs for the acquisition of such shares/shares are zero. If the reserve from which this issue occurred was previously formed with the financial support of the parent company, a mechanism is needed to take into account the company's expenses for this support at the time of its provision as part of financial investments.

Evaluation of financial investments

Financial investments are accepted for accounting at their original cost. The initial cost of financial investments acquired for a fee is the amount of the organization's actual costs for their acquisition, excluding VAT.

The actual costs of acquiring assets as financial investments are:

• amounts paid in accordance with the contract to the seller;
• amounts paid for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of these assets;
• fees paid to an intermediary organization or other person through which assets were acquired as financial investments.

The initial value of financial investments made as a contribution to the authorized capital of the organization is recognized as their monetary value, agreed upon by the founders of the organization, and received by the organization free of charge - their current market value on the date of acceptance for accounting

The initial cost of financial investments, the cost of which upon acquisition is determined in foreign currency, is determined in rubles by converting foreign currency at the rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the date of their acceptance for accounting.

The initial cost of financial investments at which they are accepted for accounting may change.

For the purposes of subsequent assessment, financial investments are divided into 2 groups:

• financial investments by which the current market value can be determined;
• for which their current market value is not determined.

In the first case, financial investments in the financial statements at the end of the reporting year are reflected at the current market value by adjusting the valuation as of the previous reporting date. The organization can make this adjustment monthly or quarterly.

The difference between the assessment at the current market value as of the reporting date and the previous assessment of financial investments is attributed to the financial results (as part of other income or expenses) of commercial organizations in correspondence with account 58 “Financial investments”.

In accounting, the results of quotation (revaluation) are reflected in the following entries:

• with an increase in market price: D-t 58 K-t 91;
• when the market price decreases: D-t 91 K-t 58.

Example

In April, Vesta CJSC purchased shares worth RUB 100,000 on the stock exchange. In April, entries will be made: shares paid for: D-t 76 K-t 51 - 100,000 rubles. shares accepted for accounting: D-t 58 K-t 76 - 100,000 rub. In May, the market value of the shares increased and at the end of May it amounted to 115,000 rubles. The price of shares has been adjusted: D-t 58 K-t 91 - 15,000 rubles. (115,000 - 100,000).

Financial investments for which the current market value is not determined are subject to reflection in accounting and financial statements as of the reporting date at their original cost (debt securities).

For debt securities (bonds, bills) that are not quoted on the stock exchange, the difference between the original and nominal value is written off to other income or expenses evenly over the period of their circulation.

When disposing of financial investments for which the current market value is not determined, the following valuation methods are used:

• at the initial cost of each accounting unit;
• at the average initial cost;
• at the original cost of the first financial investments acquired (FIFO method).

When disposing of financial investments for which the current market value is determined, their value is determined by the organization based on the latest assessment.

Examples of using valuation methods when disposing of financial investments (table).

1. Valuation method based on average initial cost.

The cost of securities being written off is determined by multiplying the number of securities being retired by the average initial cost of one security of this type.

The average initial cost of one security of a given type is calculated as the quotient of dividing the value of securities by their quantity, respectively, consisting of the value and quantity of the balance at the beginning of the month and of securities received in that month.

1) Average initial cost of one security: (100,000 rubles + 50,000 rubles + 66,000 rubles + 96,000 rubles): 290 = 1075.86 rubles.

2) Value of the balance of securities at the end of the month: 130 X 1075.86 rubles. = 139,862 rub.

3) Cost of retiring securities:

312,000 rub. — 139,862 rub. = 172,138 rub., or

160 X 1075.86 rub. = 172,138 rub. 2. FIFO method.

Valuation of securities using the FIFO method is based on the assumption that they are sold within a month in the order in which they were received. The valuation of securities in balance at the end of the month is carried out at the actual cost of the most recent acquisition, and the sale price takes into account the cost of the earlier securities.

1) The cost of the balance of securities at the end of the month, based on the cost of recent purchases:

(80 X 1200) + (50 X 1100 rub.) = 15.1 000 rub.

2) Cost of retiring securities: RUB 312,000. — 151,000 rub. = 161,000 rub.

3) Unit cost of retiring securities:

161,000 rubles: 160 = 1006.25 rubles.

We purchase financial investments

Current legislation allows a company to engage in such activities as purchasing financial investments (shares in authorized capital) using raised funds in order to receive dividends. There are no prohibitions on the use of the simplified tax system by such organizations. However, this type of activity is accompanied by the registration of numerous business transactions.

The purchase of property rights in itself, including a share in another organization, does not cause any particular difficulties from a legal point of view. The general provisions on purchase and sale apply to such transactions, unless otherwise follows from the content or nature of these rights. In addition, the procedure for the alienation of shares in an LLC is regulated in Art. 21 of the Federal Law of 02/08/1998 No. 14-FZ “On Limited Liability Companies”. However, the acquisition of financial investments requires the availability of available funds. In the absence of such, you have to use borrowed funds.

Since such situations often occur, let us consider the main business transactions that arise when carrying out such transactions.

Example.

Let’s assume that the main activity of an organization (STS with the object “income reduced by the amount of expenses”) is the acquisition of financial investments (shares in authorized capital) at the expense of raised funds in order to receive dividends, as well as the issuance of loans to other organizations in order to receive interest. Placing funds in bank accounts is not the main activity of the organization.

Recently, the organization has carried out the following business transactions:

• as a borrower, a long-term loan agreement has been concluded with an individual, providing for monthly payment of interest;
• a share in another LLC was acquired, and as a result, dividends were received;
• the received dividends were placed on deposit, and as a result, interest on the deposit was received;
• a loan was issued to another company for a period of 3 years, and under the terms of the loan agreement, interest is paid by the borrower simultaneously with the repayment of the principal debt;
• expenses are incurred to pay for bank services, pay state fees, and pay for notary services.

IMPORTANT IN WORK

For an organization, contributions to the authorized capital of other organizations are financial investments.

We are interested in the procedure for reflecting business transactions carried out by an organization in accounting and tax accounting.

Getting a loan

The principal amount of the obligation for the loan (credit) received is reflected in the accounting records of the borrowing organization as accounts payable in accordance with the terms of the loan agreement (credit agreement) in the amount specified in the agreement. Interest payable to the lender (creditor) is the cost associated with fulfilling obligations on loans and credits received, by virtue of clause 3 of PBU 15/2008. In accordance with clause 4 of PBU 15/2008, interest is reflected in accounting separately from the principal amount of the obligation for the loan (credit) received. Interest on loans received is recognized as other expenses (except for that part of them that is subject to inclusion in the cost of an investment asset) and is reflected in accounting and reporting in the reporting period to which they relate.

ORIGINAL SOURCE

The disposal of an asset as a contribution to the authorized (share) capital of another organization is not recognized as an expense.

— Clause 3 of PBU 10/99.

Paragraph 8 of PBU 15/2008 provides that interest payable to the lender (creditor) is included in other expenses evenly, as a rule, regardless of the terms of the loan (credit). In this case, it is possible to include interest payable to the lender (creditor) as part of other expenses based on the terms of the loan (credit) in the case where such inclusion does not differ significantly from uniform inclusion.

The Chart of Accounts and the Instructions for its use indicate that account 67 is intended to summarize information on the status of long-term (for a period of more than 12 months) loans and borrowings received by the organization.

Taking into account the above, transactions related to the receipt of a loan and the accrual of interest due on it are reflected in the following entries:

By virtue of paragraphs. 9 clause 1 art. 346.16 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, an organization applying the simplified tax system has the right to take into account, for tax purposes, as expenses interest paid for the provision of funds for use (credits, loans), as well as expenses associated with payment for services provided by credit institutions.

IMPORTANT IN WORK

A financial investment is accepted for accounting at its original cost.

Thus, the organization has the right to take into account for tax purposes expenses in the form of interest paid to the lender, as well as expenses for paying for bank services. In this case, expenses in the form of interest are accepted in the manner prescribed for calculating corporate income tax, art. 269 ​​of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, i.e., taking into account the restrictions established by Art. 269 ​​of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

Acquisition of a share in the authorized capital

A monetary contribution to the authorized capital of an LLC is a financial investment for the organization (clauses 2, 3 of PBU 19/02). According to the Instructions, contributions to the authorized capitals of other organizations are reflected in the sub-account “Shares and Shares” opened to account 58. Financial investments are accounted for at their original cost (clauses 8, 9 of PBU 19/02). The initial cost of the contribution to the authorized capital of the LLC is the amount contributed to pay for the share.

If an organization paid for its share in the LLC using borrowed funds, then interest on the use of such funds is not included in the initial cost of investment in the authorized capital of the LLC, but is taken into account as part of other expenses.

In general, the acquisition of a share in the authorized capital of an LLC is reflected by the following entries:

Receiving dividends

Paragraph 5 of PBU 9/99 determines that in organizations whose subject of activity is participation in the authorized capitals of other organizations, revenue is considered to be receipts of which are associated with this activity. Taking into account that the main activity of the organization is the acquisition of shares in authorized capital for the purpose of receiving dividends, we believe that dividends distributed in favor of your organization are included in income from ordinary activities (clause 34 of PBU 19/02). In letter No. 07-04-18/01 of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated January 29, 2014, it is recommended to recognize such income minus the tax withheld by the tax agent (the source of payment of income) in accounting.

In this case, the entries reflecting the receipt of dividends will be as follows:

Taxpayers who apply the simplified tax system do not include income in the form of dividends received in the tax base when calculating tax (subclauses 2 and 3, clause 1.1, article 346.15 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). At the same time, dividends received are subject to income tax (clause 3 of Article 284, clauses 2 and 3 of Article 346.11 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). In this case, the responsibility for calculating, withholding and paying tax rests with the source of payment of income - the tax agent (Russian organization).

Placement of funds on deposit

The Instructions stipulate that information about deposit accounts is reflected in the “Deposit Accounts” subaccount opened for account 55. The Instructions directly state that the transfer of funds to a deposit is accounted for as a debit to account 55 in correspondence with account 51 or 52. When the deposit is returned, it is recorded organizations make reverse entries.

At the same time, depositing funds can be regarded as a financial investment of the organization. From paragraphs 2 and 3 of PBU 19/02 it follows that such investments include, in particular, deposits on which interest is accrued.

According to the Instructions, financial investments are reflected in account 58. Therefore, today the accounting rules allow two options for reflecting cash deposits. The organization will have to decide for itself which option to use. The chosen procedure must be fixed in the accounting policy.

Interest accrued on the deposit amount is other income for the organization. This follows from clause 7 of PBU 9/99. Taking into account the above, the accounting entries could be as follows:

Income in the form of interest received under loan, credit, bank account, bank deposit agreements, as well as on securities and other debt obligations, is recognized as non-operating income (clause 6 of Article 250 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). Consequently, income in the form of interest received on the deposit is included in the income taken into account when determining the tax base for the tax paid in connection with the application of the simplified tax system. A similar point of view was reflected in the letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 25, 2007 No. 03-11-04/2/107.

Issuing a loan

Funds transferred to the borrower under a loan agreement, as well as those returned by the borrower, are not recognized in the lender’s accounting as expenses and income of the organization (clause 3 of PBU 10/99, clause 3 of PBU 9/99).

Loans provided by the organization that meet the criteria listed in clause 2 of PBU 19/02 are accepted for accounting as financial investments (clause 3 of PBU 19/02). An organization can take into account the issued loan as a financial investment, provided that it receives interest on it. Based on clause 7 of PBU 9/99, interest received for the provision of funds to the organization for use is taken into account as part of other income.

Clause 16 of PBU 9/99 determines that in accounting, interest is accrued for each expired reporting period in accordance with the terms of the agreement. Therefore, interest on the loan must be recognized in accounting as income on a monthly basis.

The following entries are made in accounting:

Interest receivable on a loan issued is also included in income on the specified basis. However, it should be borne in mind that under the terms of the loan agreement, interest is paid by the borrower simultaneously with the repayment of the principal debt.

As you know, on the basis of paragraph 1 of Art. 346.17 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the date of receipt of income by an organization applying the simplified tax system is recognized as the day of receipt of funds into bank accounts and (or) to the cash desk, receipt of other property (work, services) and (or) property rights, as well as repayment of debt (payment) to the taxpayer in another way (cash method). Thus, until the actual receipt of interest on the loan, the organization does not generate income taken into account for tax purposes.

Bank services, state fees, payment of notary services

According to clause 11 of PBU 10/99, in accounting, expenses for banking services are reflected as part of other expenses.

The following entries are made in accounting:

As for the accounting of state fees, as well as notary services, the procedure for their reflection directly depends on the grounds for paying the fee, as well as the nature of the notary services.

For example, the state fee paid in connection with amendments to the constituent documents should be taken into account in accounting as part of expenses for ordinary activities. The same can be said about notary services.

In this case, these expenses are reflected in the entries:

The instruction indicates that expenses recorded on account 26 can be written off to the debit of account 20. It is also permissible to write off these expenses as semi-fixed expenses to the debit of account 90 “Sales”. The option used by the organization should be fixed in the accounting policy for accounting purposes. This is stated in paragraph 7 of PBU 1/2008.

In accordance with paragraphs. 22 clause 1 art. 346.16 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, taxpayers using the simplified tax system have the right to reduce the income received for expenses in the form of the amount of taxes and fees paid in accordance with the legislation on taxes and fees, with the exception of the amount of tax paid in accordance with Chapter. 26.2 Tax Code of the Russian Federation. Clause 10 of Art. 13 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation establishes that state duty refers to federal fees. Therefore, as a general rule, your organization can reduce the amount of income received, including by the amount of state duty paid.

POSITION OF THE MINISTRY OF FINANCE

The amount of VAT, which in accordance with paragraphs. 1 clause 3 art. 170 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the organization will be obliged to restore upon transfer of property in payment for its share in the LLC, which is also included in the initial cost of the financial investment in the form of a contribution to the authorized capital.

— Letter dated October 30, 2006 No. 07-05-06/262.

In turn, pp. 14 clause 1 art. 346.16 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation provides that as part of the expenses, an organization applying the simplified tax system may take into account the fee to a public and (or) private notary for notarization of documents. Moreover, such expenses are accepted within the limits of tariffs approved in the prescribed manner. Therefore, if this expense meets the criteria listed in paragraph 1 of Art. 252 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, i.e. it is justified (economically justified) and documented, then it can also be taken into account for tax purposes.

Accounting for financial investments

To account for the presence and movement of investments of organizations in government securities, shares, bonds, in the authorized capital of other organizations, as well as loans provided to other organizations, use account 58 “Financial investments”. The account is active, balance.

The debit of account 58 reflects the financial investments made by the organization in correspondence: D-t 58 K-t 51, 52, 91, 90.

For the loan, accounts 58 reflect the repayment (redemption) and sale of securities in correspondence: D-t 91 K-t 58, as well as the repayment of loans in correspondence: D-t 51, 52 K-t 58.

To account for the costs of acquiring financial investments, use either a separate subaccount to account 58 “Financial investments”, or a subaccount to account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” - 76/8 “Settlements for the acquisition of securities”, with the subsequent capitalization of financial investments directly to account 58 (subject to transfer of ownership of securities).

— When prepaying expenses for the acquisition of securities, the following entries are made in accounting:

• Dt 76, subaccount 8 “Calculations for the acquisition of securities” Kt 51 - for the amount of the transferred advance;
• Dt 58 Kt 76, subaccount 8 “Settlements for the acquisition of securities” - securities are capitalized.

— When receiving securities under a simple partnership agreement: D-t 58 K-t 80.

— When securities are received free of charge, an entry is made at their market value: D-t 58 K-t 98/2.

The exchange rate difference from the additional valuation of securities due to changes in the exchange rate is reflected in the form: D-t 58 K-t 91.

The following subaccounts can be opened for account 58:

58/1 “Units and shares”; 58/2 “Debt securities”; 58/3 “Loans provided”; 58/4 “Deposits under a simple partnership agreement.”

Analytical accounting of financial investments is carried out by type of investment (shares, shares, bonds) and the objects in which these investments are made (organizations that sell securities, organizations that borrow).

When using the journal order form of accounting, entries on the credit of account 58 are made in journal order No. 8. Debit entries are reflected in journal orders No. 2, 2/1, 8 in correspondence: D-t 58 K-t 51, 52, 76.

All securities held at the enterprise must be registered in the securities book. The book must be numbered, laced, sealed and signed by the manager and chief accountant.

Account 58 in accounting

Debit turnover on account 58 “Financial investments” occurs when an organization invests its free assets:

• In authorized capital or securities;
• Debt securities, bills, bonds;
• Provides a loan to a non-employee of an organization or legal entity, etc.

Credit turnover on account 58 “Financial investments” occurs in the following cases:

• Sales of securities or shares in the authorized capital;
• Leaving society;
• Free transfer;
• Transfer of securities in the form of a contribution to the authorized capital of other organizations;
• Redemption (redemption) of securities;
• Repay loans.

The diagram shows the sub-accounts opened to the account by type of financial investment:

Analytical accounting for account 58 “Financial investments” must ensure the disclosure of certain information, which is presented in the diagram:

Accounting for investments in the authorized capital of other organizations

Financial investments in the authorized capital (shares) represent the amount of assets invested in the property of another organization to ensure its authorized activities.

You can make a contribution to the authorized capital of a joint-stock company only by purchasing its shares. You can transfer money or transfer property to pay for shares.

Contributions to the authorized capital of joint-stock companies are kept on account 58, subaccount 1 “Shares and Shares”, and are reflected as a debit to account 58/1 in correspondence with cash accounts:

D-t 58/1 K-t 51, 52.

When making a contribution to the authorized capital with property, the transferred objects are valued at the contract value (based on current market prices) and are reflected in the credit of accounts 90 “Sales” and 91 “Other income and expenses” and the debit of the same accounts - at the residual value (for fixed assets and intangible assets) and at actual cost (for goods and finished products).

The difference in debit and credit turnover on accounts 90 and 91 reflects the primary financial result of investments in shares.

If a contribution to the authorized capital of another organization is made with property, then the transferring party will make the following entries:

• D-t 58/1 K-t 90, 91 - the amount of the contribution is reflected in accordance with the constituent agreement;
• D-t 90 K-t 43, 41 - reflects the actual cost of finished products, goods transferred as a contribution to the authorized capital;
• D-t 02 K-t 01 - the amount of accrued depreciation on an object transferred as a contribution to the authorized capital of another organization is written off;
• D-t 91 K-t 01 - the residual value of the transferred fixed asset item is written off;
• D-t 91 K-t 99 (D-t 99 K-t 91) - reflects the financial result from the transfer of property or: D-t 90 K-t 99 (D-t 99 K-t 90).

Shareholders receive dividends on them, i.e. income that is paid from profits by the joint-stock company.

The accrual of dividend amounts is reflected by the entry:

D-t 76 K-t 91, receipt of dividends: D-t 51 K-t 76.

If the organization whose shares (shares) the enterprise has is liquidated, the following entries should be made:

• D-t 91 K-t 58/1 - the book value of the share (share) in the authorized capital of the liquidated organization is written off;
• D-t 01 (10, 41, 51, ...) K-t 91 - property and funds remaining after liquidation were received and distributed in favor of our organization;
• D-t 91 K-t 99 (D-t 99 K-t 91) - reflects the financial result from the write-off of shares in the authorized capital.

Example 1.

JSC Kosmos made a founding contribution to the joint Anglo-Russian venture in the amount of 250,000 rubles.

The entry will be made as follows: D-t 58/1 K-t 51 - 250,000 rubles.

Example 2.

Transferred as a contribution to the authorized capital of another organization:

• fixed assets at an agreed value (based on current market prices) in the amount of RUB 400,000;
• cash - 300,000 rubles.

Based on the results of work for the year, dividends were accrued in the amount of 72,000 rubles.

Reflection of transactions in accounting:

1) for the amount of cash and fixed assets contributed to the contribution to the authorized capital of another organization:

Dt 58/1 Kt 91 - 400,000 rubles, Dt 58/1 Kt 51 - 300,000 rubles;

2) accrual of income:

D-t 76 K-t 91 - 72,000 rub.;

3) receipt of income:

D-t 51 K-t 76 - 72,000 rub.

Conditions for registration

According to paragraph 2 of PBU 19/02, an organization has the right to accept securities and financial investments for accounting if three conditions are simultaneously met. The first condition: the organization has legal rights to investment objects (for example, ownership of a security). The second condition: the transition to organizing the risks associated with financial investments (the risk of falling prices, the risk of non-payment of the security by the issuer, etc.). Note that the second condition is closely related to the first - if the ownership of the object has passed to the buyer, then, as a rule, all the risks associated with this investment also pass to him. And finally, the third condition: the object of financial investment is capable of bringing economic benefits to the organization in the form of interest, dividends, growth in market prices for it, and others.

Taking into account financial investments, the organization must remember another requirement contained in paragraph 44 of the Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 29, 1998 No. 34n). According to this paragraph, “financial investment objects (except for loans) that have not been paid in full are shown in the asset balance sheet in the full amount of the actual costs of their acquisition under the contract with the assignment of the outstanding amount to creditors in the balance sheet liability in cases where the rights to the object have been transferred to the investor . In other cases, amounts contributed to the account of financial investment objects subject to acquisition are shown in the asset balance sheet under the item debtors.”

Thus, financial investments that have not been fully paid (except for loans), if the rights to them have transferred to the organization, are reflected in the debit of account 58 and the credit of account 76. If the rights to the securities have not transferred to the investor, then the expenses incurred by him are reflected in the debit of account 76 .

Example 1

Meridian LLC in February 2003 acquired 500 shares of company A on an advance payment basis at a price of 2,000 rubles. per piece for a total amount of RUB 1,000,000. Ownership of the shares passes to the company in March 2003.

When paying for the purchase in February, the company had to make the following entry:

Debit 76 Credit 51

– 1,000,000 rub. – paid shares of company A;

After the transfer of rights to shares to Meridian LLC, the following entry should be made in the accounting:

Debit 58 Credit 76

– 1,000,000 rub. – shares of company A are registered.

end of example

Accounting for the costs of purchasing bonds

Bonds are classified as debt securities and are accounted for in account 58, subaccount 2 “Debt securities”. An organization's costs for purchasing bonds and other similar securities often do not equal their face value. In these cases, there is a difference between actual costs (sales value) and nominal value. This difference must be amortized so that by the time the bond matures, the actual value equals the face value.

According to the Regulations on Accounting and Reporting, the difference between the amount of actual costs for the acquisition of bonds and their nominal value during their circulation period is applied evenly (monthly) to other income (expenses).

If the actual value of the bonds is greater than their nominal value, then the difference is charged to expenses by posting: D-t 91 K-t 58/2, and if the acquisition cost is less than their nominal value, then it is charged to the organization’s income: D-t 58/2 K-t 91. Thus, by the time of maturity, the actual value of the bonds reaches the nominal value.

Example.

CJSC Luch purchased bonds for 40,000 rubles, their nominal value was 34,000 rubles. The maturity of the bond is 2 years. The annual percentage of income is 30%.

In accounting, these transactions will be reflected in the following entries:

1) when registering D-t 58/2 K-t 76 - 40,000 rubles;

2) payment of bonds D-t 76 K-t 51 - 40,000 rubles;

3) the difference between the actual and nominal value will be: 40,000 - 34,000 = 6,000 rubles.

This difference must be repaid in 2 years. The amount of monthly depreciation will be: 6,000 rubles. : 2 : 12 = 250 rub. A monthly entry is made for the amount of depreciation: D-t 91 K-t 58/2 - 250 rubles;

4) for the amount of accrued annual income: D-t 76 K-t 91—RUB 10,200. (34,000 x 30%);

5) Receipt of income to the current account: D-t 51 K-t 76 - 10,200 rubles.