Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated October 6, 2008 No. 106n “On approval of accounting regulations”

What is accounting policy

Accounting and tax legislation is not always strict and imperative.
In some cases, the legislator gives you the right to choose how to conduct accounting and tax records. An accounting policy (AP) is a document that establishes the rules and methods that an organization will apply when maintaining records. Companies formulate accounting policies independently. This is stated in paragraph 2 of Art. 8 of the Accounting Law. At the same time, for accounting purposes, only legal entities formulate policies, since individual entrepreneurs are exempt from accounting. For tax purposes, accounting policies are written by organizations and entrepreneurs.

The UE can be drawn up separately for tax purposes and separately for accounting. It is allowed to draw up a single document that reflects all the nuances. This is your choice.

Are there any innovations in the accounting policy of the organization in 2020-2021?

In 2021, minor amendments were made to PBU 1/2008.

According to the current rule, organizations disclosing financial statements prepared in accordance with IFRS have the right not to apply the accounting method established by the FSB if this leads to a discrepancy between the accounting policies and the requirements of IFRS. From March 17, 2020, accounting standards approved by such organizations and mandatory for use by their subsidiaries may establish accounting methods chosen by them in accordance with the specified procedure.

There is no information about adjustments to the situation in 2021 yet.

Until 2021, the latest innovations in PBU 1/2008 came into force on 08/06/2017, approved. by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 28, 2017 No. 69n. As a result of these changes, a number of paragraphs of the PBU were subject to editorial changes that clarified the wording (paragraphs 1, 6, 7, 8, 10, 15, 17, 18, 24), but new provisions also appeared that supplemented the text of the PBU. The latter include the following:

• The organization chooses methods for maintaining accounting independently from other legal entities (clause 5.1). An exception is made for subsidiaries - they must use the same accounting methods as the parent company.
• If a company prepares financial statements according to IFRS, then it uses federal accounting standards in accordance with the requirements of IFRS (clause 7). However, if the accounting method recommended by federal standards contradicts IFRS, then the organization may not apply this method. In this case, the company will have to justify why the method proposed by the federal standard contradicts IFRS.
• The choice of a sample for independent development of an accounting method that is not in federal or industry standards is carried out in a certain sequence (clause 7.1): IFRS - analogies in RAS - accounting recommendations. Firms that have the right to use simplified accounting methods in such a situation can only proceed from the principle of rationality (clause 7.2).
• In exceptional situations, if the application of PBU 1/2008 leads to the receipt of unreliable information about the financial position of the company, it is allowed to deviate from the norms of PBU (clause 7.3) provided that circumstances that prevent the use of PBU are identified and alternative accounting methods are introduced that will not lead to to its even greater unreliability.
• With regard to the organization of accounting for information that is not essential for understanding the financial situation, it is possible to choose an accounting method based on the principle of rationality (clause 7.4).
• In the explanations to the statements, the company must disclose the reasons and consequences of replacing the methods contained in RAS with the provisions of IFRS (clause 20.1), as well as the reasons for the deviation from RAS standards (clause 20.2) with explanations of the differences arising in accounting.
• If the legislation on accounting has changed, and innovations can be voluntarily applied before the deadline for mandatory application, then the company that applied the new regulatory legal act ahead of schedule reflects this fact in the accounting reports (clause 23).

Excluded from the text of the PBU was the requirement to disclose in the explanations to the accounting statements the provisions of the accounting regulations for the year following the reporting year (clause 25).

Who draws up the accounting policy

The accounting policy is developed by the chief accountant or the person entrusted with the responsibility for maintaining records. It could be the leader himself. The UE must comply with the following regulations:

• “On accounting” dated December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ;
• Tax Code of the Russian Federation;
• Accounting regulations, of which the main one is PBU 1/2008.

The accounting policy is signed by the head of the organization, regardless of the presence of an accountant. The UE must be approved within 90 days from the date of registration of the company.

PBU 1/2008

Registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia on October 27, 2008 N 12522

MINISTRY OF FINANCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION ORDER dated 06.10.08 N 106n ON APPROVAL OF ACCOUNTING REGULATIONS

(as amended by orders of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 11.03.2009 N 22n, dated 10.10.2010 N 132n, dated 08.11.2010 N 144n, dated 04/27/2012 N 55n, dated 12/18/2012 N 164n, dated 06.04.2015 N 57n, from 04/28/2017 N 69n)
In order to improve legal regulation in the field of accounting and financial reporting and in accordance with the Regulations on the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 30, 2004 N 329 (Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2004, N 31, article 3258; N 49, article 4908; 2005, N 23, article 2270; N 52, article 5755; 2006, N 32, article 3569; N 47, article 4900; 2007, N 23, Art. 2801; N 45, Art. 5491; 2008, N 5, Art. 411), I order:

1. Approve:

a) Accounting Regulations “Accounting Policy of the Organization” (PBU 1/2008) in accordance with Appendix No. 1;

b) Accounting Regulations “Changes in Estimated Values” (PBU 21/2008) in accordance with Appendix No. 2.

2. Recognize as invalid Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 9, 1998 N 60n “On approval of the Accounting Regulations “Accounting Policy of the Organization” PBU 1/98” (Order registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on December 31, 1998, registration number 1673; Bulletin of normative acts of federal executive authorities, No. 2, January 11, 1999; Rossiyskaya Gazeta, No. 10, January 20, 1999).

3. Establish that this Order comes into force on January 1, 2009.

Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation - Minister of Finance of the Russian Federation A.L. KUDRIN

Appendix No. 1 to Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated October 6, 2008 No. 106n

ACCOUNTING REGULATIONS “ACCOUNTING POLICIES OF THE ORGANIZATION” (PBU 1/2008)

(as amended by orders of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 11.03.2009 N 22n, dated 10.10.2010 N 132n, dated 08.11.2010 N 144n, dated 04/27/2012 N 55n, dated 12/18/2012 N 164n, dated 06.04.2015 N 57n, from 04/28/2017 N 69n)

I. General provisions

1. These Regulations establish the rules for the formation (selection or development) and disclosure of the accounting policies of organizations that are legal entities under the legislation of the Russian Federation (with the exception of credit institutions and public sector organizations) (hereinafter referred to as organizations). (as amended by Orders of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 25, 2010 N 132n, dated April 28, 2017 N 69n)

Branches and representative offices of foreign organizations located on the territory of the Russian Federation may formulate accounting policies in accordance with these Regulations or based on the rules established in the country of location of the foreign organization, if the latter do not contradict International Financial Reporting Standards.

2. For the purposes of these Regulations, the accounting policy of an organization is understood as the set of accounting methods adopted by it - primary observation, cost measurement, current grouping and final generalization of the facts of economic activity.

Accounting methods include methods of grouping and assessing facts of economic activity, repaying the value of assets, organizing document flow, inventory, using accounting accounts, organizing accounting registers, and processing information.

3. This Regulation applies to:

• in terms of the formation of accounting policies - for all organizations;
• in terms of disclosure of accounting policies - to organizations that publish their financial statements in whole or in part in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, constituent documents or on their own initiative.

II. Formation of accounting policies

4. The accounting policy of the organization is formed by the chief accountant or another person who, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, is entrusted with maintaining the accounting records of the organization, on the basis of these Regulations and is approved by the head of the organization.

In this case it is stated:

• a working chart of accounts containing synthetic and analytical accounts necessary for maintaining accounting records in accordance with the requirements of timeliness and completeness of accounting and reporting;
• forms of primary accounting documents, accounting registers, as well as documents for internal accounting reporting;
• the procedure for conducting an inventory of the organization’s assets and liabilities;
• methods for assessing assets and liabilities;
• document flow rules and accounting information processing technology;
• the procedure for monitoring business operations;
• other solutions necessary for organizing accounting.

5. When developing accounting policies, it is assumed that:

• the assets and liabilities of an organization exist separately from the assets and liabilities of the owners of this organization and the assets and liabilities of other organizations (assuming property separation);
• the organization will continue its activities for the foreseeable future and it has no intention or need to liquidate or significantly reduce its activities and, therefore, obligations will be repaid in the prescribed manner (going concern assumption);
• the accounting policy adopted by the organization is applied consistently from one reporting year to another (assumption of consistency in the application of accounting policies);
• the facts of the organization's economic activities relate to the reporting period in which they took place, regardless of the actual time of receipt or payment of funds associated with these facts (the assumption of temporary certainty of the facts of economic activity).

5.1. An organization chooses accounting methods regardless of the choice of accounting methods by other organizations. If the parent company approves its accounting standards, which are mandatory for use by its subsidiary, then such subsidiary chooses accounting methods based on these standards. (clause 5.1 introduced by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 28, 2017 N 69n)

6. The organization’s accounting policies must ensure:

• completeness of reflection in accounting of all facts of economic activity (completeness requirement);
• timely reflection of the facts of economic activity in accounting and financial statements (timeliness requirement);
• greater willingness to recognize expenses and liabilities in accounting than possible income and assets, avoiding the creation of hidden reserves (requirement of prudence);
• reflection in accounting of facts of economic activity based not so much on their legal form, but on their economic content and business conditions (the requirement of priority of content over form);
• the identity of analytical accounting data with turnovers and balances on synthetic accounting accounts on the last calendar day of each month (consistency requirement);
• rational accounting, based on business conditions and the size of the organization, as well as based on the ratio of costs for generating information about a specific accounting object and the usefulness (value) of this information (the requirement of rationality). (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 28, 2017 N 69n)

6.1. When developing an accounting policy, micro-enterprises and non-profit organizations that have the right to use simplified accounting methods, including simplified accounting (financial) reporting, may provide for accounting using a simple system (without using double entry). (clause 6.1 introduced by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 18, 2012 N 164n; as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 6, 2015 N 57n)

7. Accounting for a specific accounting item is carried out in the manner established by the federal accounting standard. If, for a specific accounting issue, the federal accounting standard allows for several accounting methods, the organization selects one of these methods, guided by paragraphs 5, 5.1 and 6 of these Regulations.

An organization that discloses consolidated financial statements drawn up in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards or financial statements of an organization that does not create a group has the right to be guided by federal accounting standards, taking into account the requirements of International Financial Reporting Standards, when forming its accounting policies. In particular, such an organization has the right not to apply the accounting method established by the federal accounting standard when such a method leads to a discrepancy between the organization's accounting policies and the requirements of International Financial Reporting Standards.

(clause 7 as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 28, 2017 N 69n)

7.1. If the federal accounting standards do not establish accounting methods for a specific accounting issue, the organization develops an appropriate method based on the requirements established by the legislation of the Russian Federation on accounting, federal and (or) industry standards. In this case, the organization, based on the assumptions and requirements given in paragraphs 5 and 6 of these Regulations, uses the following documents sequentially:

a) international financial reporting standards;

b) provisions of federal and (or) industry accounting standards on similar and (or) related issues;

c) recommendations in the field of accounting.

(clause 7.1 introduced by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 28, 2017 N 69n)

7.2. An organization that has the right to use simplified accounting methods, including simplified accounting (financial) statements, in the absence of appropriate accounting methods for a specific issue in federal accounting standards, has the right to formulate an accounting policy, guided solely by the requirement of rationality. (clause 7.2 introduced by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 28, 2017 N 69n)

7.3. In exceptional cases, when the formation of an accounting policy in accordance with paragraphs 7 and 7.1 of these Regulations leads to an unreliable representation of the financial position of the organization, the financial results of its activities and the flow of its funds in the accounting (financial) statements, the organization has the right to deviate from the rules established by these paragraphs , subject to all of the following conditions:

a) circumstances have been identified that impede the formation of a reliable representation of its financial position, financial results of operations and cash flows in the accounting (financial) statements;

b) an alternative method of accounting is possible, the use of which makes it possible to eliminate these circumstances;

c) the alternative method of accounting does not lead to other circumstances in which the organization’s accounting (financial) statements will give an unreliable picture of its financial position, financial performance and cash flows;

d) information about deviations from the rules established by clauses 7 and 7.1 of these Regulations and the use of an alternative method of accounting is disclosed by the organization in accordance with these Regulations.

(clause 7.3 introduced by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 28, 2017 N 69n)

7.4. To the extent that the application of the accounting policies formed in accordance with clauses 7 and 7.1 of these Regulations leads to the formation of information, the presence, absence or method of reflection of which in the accounting (financial) statements of the organization does not depend on the economic decisions of the users of these statements (hereinafter referred to as - immaterial information), the organization has the right to choose the method of accounting, guided solely by the requirement of rationality (without applying clauses 7, 7.1 of these Regulations). The organization independently classifies information as non-essential based on both the size and nature of this information. (clause 7.4 introduced by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 28, 2017 N 69n)

8. The accounting policy adopted by the organization is subject to registration with the relevant organizational and administrative documentation (orders, instructions, standards, etc.) of the organization. (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 28, 2017 N 69n)

9. Accounting methods chosen by the organization when developing accounting policies are applied from the first January of the year following the year of approval of the relevant organizational and administrative document. Moreover, they are applied by all branches, representative offices and other divisions of the organization (including those allocated to a separate balance sheet), regardless of their location.

A newly created organization, an organization resulting from a reorganization, draws up its chosen accounting policy in accordance with these Regulations no later than 90 days from the date of state registration of the legal entity. The accounting policy adopted by the newly created organization is considered to be applied from the date of state registration of the legal entity.

III. Change in accounting policy

10. Changes in the accounting policies of an organization can be made in the following cases:

• changes in the legislation of the Russian Federation and (or) regulatory legal acts on accounting;
• the organization's development of new accounting methods. The use of a new method of accounting involves improving the quality of information about the accounting object; (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 28, 2017 N 69n)
• significant changes in business conditions. A significant change in the business conditions of an organization may be associated with reorganization, change in types of activities, etc.

It is not considered a change in accounting policy to approve the method of accounting for facts of economic activity that are essentially different from the facts that occurred previously, or that arose for the first time in the organization’s activities.

11. Changes in accounting policies must be justified and formalized in the manner prescribed by paragraph 8 of these Regulations.

12. Changes in accounting policies are made from the beginning of the reporting year, unless otherwise determined by the reason for such a change.

13. The consequences of changes in accounting policies that have had or may have a significant impact on the financial position of the organization, the financial results of its activities and (or) cash flows are assessed in monetary terms. The assessment in monetary terms of the consequences of changes in accounting policies is made on the basis of data verified by the organization as of the date from which the changed method of accounting is applied.

14. The consequences of changes in accounting policies caused by changes in the legislation of the Russian Federation and (or) regulatory legal acts on accounting are reflected in accounting and reporting in the manner established by the relevant legislation of the Russian Federation and (or) regulatory legal acts on accounting. If the relevant legislation of the Russian Federation and (or) a regulatory legal act on accounting do not establish a procedure for reflecting the consequences of changes in accounting policies, then these consequences are reflected in accounting and reporting in the manner established by paragraph 15 of these Regulations.

15. The consequences of changes in accounting policies caused by reasons other than those specified in paragraph 14 of these Regulations, and which had or could have a significant impact on the financial position of the organization, financial results of its activities and (or) cash flows, are reflected in the financial statements retrospectively, for except in cases where the assessment in monetary terms of such consequences in relation to periods preceding the reporting period cannot be made with sufficient reliability.

When retrospectively reflecting the consequences of changes in accounting policies, we proceed from the assumption that the changed method of accounting was applied from the moment the facts of economic activity of this type arose. Retrospective reflection of the consequences of changes in accounting policies consists of adjusting the opening balance under the item “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)” and (or) other balance sheet items as of the earliest date presented in the accounting (financial) statements, as well as the values ​​of related accounting items disclosed for each period presented in the financial statements, as if the new accounting policy had been applied from the moment the facts of economic activity of this type arose. (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 28, 2017 N 69n)

In cases where an assessment in monetary terms of the consequences of a change in accounting policy in relation to periods preceding the reporting period cannot be made with sufficient reliability, the changed method of accounting is applied to the relevant facts of economic activity that occurred after the introduction of the changed method (prospectively).

15.1. Organizations that have the right to use simplified accounting methods, including simplified accounting (financial) reporting, may reflect in their financial statements the consequences of changes in accounting policies that have had or may have a significant impact on the financial position of the organization, the financial results of its activities and (or) cash flows. funds, prospectively, except for cases where a different procedure is established by the legislation of the Russian Federation and (or) a regulatory legal act on accounting. (clause 15.1 introduced by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 8, 2010 N 144n; as amended by Orders of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 27, 2012 N 55n, dated April 6, 2015 N 57n)

16. Changes in accounting policies that have had or are capable of having a significant impact on the financial position of the organization, the financial results of its activities and (or) cash flows are subject to separate disclosure in the financial statements.

IV. Disclosure of accounting policies

17. The organization must disclose the accounting methods adopted when forming the accounting policy, without knowledge of the application of which by interested users of the accounting (financial) statements it is impossible to reliably assess the financial position of the organization, the financial results of its activities and (or) cash flows. (clause 17 as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 28, 2017 N 69n)

Accounting methods are considered essential, without knowledge of the application of which by interested users of financial statements it is impossible to reliably assess the financial position of the organization, the financial results of its activities and (or) cash flows.

18. Paragraph excluded. — Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 11, 2009 N 22n.

The composition and content of information on the organization's accounting policies on specific accounting issues subject to mandatory disclosure in financial statements are established by the relevant federal accounting standards. (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 28, 2017 N 69n)

If financial statements are not published in full, information on accounting policies is subject to disclosure, at least in part directly related to the published data.

19. If the accounting policy of an organization is formed on the basis of the assumptions provided for in paragraph 5 of these Regulations, then these assumptions may not be disclosed in the financial statements.

When forming an organization's accounting policy based on assumptions other than those provided for in paragraph 5 of these Regulations, such assumptions, along with the reasons for their application, must be disclosed in the financial statements.

20. If, in preparing the financial statements, there is significant uncertainty about events and conditions that may cast significant doubt on the applicability of the going concern assumption, the entity must identify the uncertainty and clearly describe what it relates to.

20.1. An organization that forms an accounting policy in accordance with paragraph two of clause 7 of these Regulations must, in relation to each method of accounting established by the federal accounting standard that it has not applied, describe such method, as well as disclose the corresponding requirement of the International Financial Reporting Standard and describe how Thus, this requirement will be violated if the accounting method established by the federal accounting standard is applied. (clause 20.1 introduced by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 28, 2017 N 69n)

20.2. An organization that applied clause 7.3 of these Regulations when developing its accounting policy must disclose:

the name of the federal accounting standard establishing the accounting method from which the organization has deviated, with a brief description of this method;

circumstances as a result of which the application of the rules established by paragraphs 7 and 7.1 of these Regulations leads to the fact that the accounting (financial) statements of the organization do not allow obtaining a reliable picture of its financial position, financial performance and cash flows and the reasons for the occurrence of these circumstances;

the content of the alternative method of accounting used by the organization and an explanation of how this method eliminates the unreliability of the presentation of the financial position of the organization, the financial results of its activities and cash flows;

the values ​​of all indicators of the organization’s accounting (financial) statements that were changed as a result of deviation from the rules established by paragraphs 7 and 7.1 of these Regulations, as if the deviation had not been made, and the amount of adjustment of each indicator.

(clause 20.2 introduced by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 28, 2017 N 69n)

21. In the event of a change in accounting policies, the organization must disclose the following information:

— the reason for the change in accounting policy;

— content of changes in accounting policies;

— the procedure for reflecting the consequences of changes in accounting policies in the financial statements;

- the amount of adjustments associated with changes in accounting policies for each item in the financial statements for each of the reporting periods presented, and if the organization is required to disclose information about earnings per share - also according to data on basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share ;

- the amount of the corresponding adjustment relating to reporting periods preceding those presented in the financial statements - to the extent practicable.

If a change in accounting policy is due to the application of a regulatory legal act for the first time or a change in a regulatory legal act, the fact of reflecting the consequences of the change in accounting policy in accordance with the procedure provided for by this act is also subject to disclosure.

22. If the disclosure of information provided for in paragraph 21 of these Regulations for any particular previous reporting period presented in the financial statements, or for reporting periods earlier than those presented, is impossible, the fact of the impossibility of such disclosure is subject to disclosure together with an indication of the reporting period in which the corresponding change in accounting policy will begin to be applied.

23. If a regulatory legal act on accounting provides for the possibility of voluntary application of the rules approved by it before the deadline for their mandatory application, the organization, when using this opportunity, must disclose this fact in the accounting (financial) statements. (clause 23 as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 28, 2017 N 69n)

24. Significant methods of accounting, as well as information about changes in accounting policies are subject to disclosure in the accounting (financial) statements of the organization. (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 28, 2017 N 69n)

If interim accounting (financial) statements are presented, they may not contain information about the organization’s accounting policies, unless there have been changes in the latter since the preparation of the annual accounting (financial) statements for the previous year, which disclosed the accounting policies. (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 28, 2017 N 69n)

25. Lost power. — Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 28, 2017 N 69n.

What to include in accounting policies for accounting purposes

A universal accounting policy cannot be found even on the Internet. Its preparation depends entirely on the specific organization. To do this, take into account all the operations that the company has carried out in the past and plans to do in the future. Let's briefly go over the points that are important for accounting policies.

1. Maintaining accounting manually or using a special program. You can also consider outsourcing your accounting.
2. Purchase of materials using only account 10 “Materials” or using accounts 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets” and 16 “Deviation in the cost of material assets.” Accounts 15 and 16 help to keep actual records of the costs of procuring materials and determine the deviation from accounting prices, but they complicate accounting.
3. Choosing a method for evaluating materials released into production. In accounting, three methods are allowed: by average cost, by the cost of each unit, by the FIFO method (by the cost of the first purchases).
4. Choosing a method for calculating depreciation. There are four methods to choose from: linear, reducing balance, by the sum of the numbers of years of useful use, in proportion to the volume of work. The choice depends on the availability of a professional accountant and your personal skills. The simplest option is linear; it involves even accrual of depreciation over the useful life. All other methods are accelerated - in the first years the amount of depreciation exceeds the amount in subsequent years. If the calculation of depreciation in accounting differs from tax accounting, then differences will arise that will form tax liabilities and assets. In this case, you need a professional chief accountant.
5. Account for assets worth up to 40,000 rubles as part of fixed assets or inventories.
6. Establishment of useful life for intangible assets. The choice between the validity period of the rights to intangible assets and the period during which it is planned to receive benefits from the use of intangible assets.
7. Selecting a method for calculating depreciation on intangible assets. These are the same methods as with assets, except for accrual in proportion to the volume of work performed. It is not available for IMAs.
8. Selecting the cost at which goods released for sale will be written off. At the cost of each unit, at average or FIFO.
9. Choosing a method for accounting for the costs of procuring and transporting goods to the warehouse. Such expenses can be included in selling expenses or directly charged to cost.
10. Selecting the distribution of costs on account 26 “General business expenses”. The first option is that costs are written off proportionally to accounts 20 “Main production”, 23 “Auxiliary production”, 29 “Production and household maintenance”. The second option is to write it off directly to account 90 “Product sales”.

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These are not all the points that are reflected in the accounting policy. If you do not have accounting knowledge, turn to professionals or work in an accounting service where an accounting policy has already been developed - for example, in Kontur.Accounting. In addition, the policy must have a working chart of accounts and forms of primary documents. For a complete list of provisions that must be reflected in the accounting policies, see PBU 1/2008.

A working chart of accounts is a list of accounts that a company uses. Based on the accounting chart of accounts, from which unnecessary items are excluded. For example, account 11 “Animals for fattening” will not appear in the working chart of accounts of an oil company. Although the situations are different, it may be that the company breeds pigs at the same time. As already said, it all depends on the specific organization.

Contents of PBU “Accounting policies of the organization”

PBU 1/2008 consists of four sections.

Section I is devoted to general information about the normative act itself and the terminology used below.

What to pay attention to:

• PBU applies only to legal entities, with the exception of credit and budget organizations. All companies that are subject to the PBU must comply with the regulations regarding the formation of the UP; in terms of disclosure of information about the provisions of the CP, its changes and other aspects provided for in Section IV of PBU 1/2008 - only companies that publish accounting reports.
• Branches and divisions of foreign legal entities on the territory of the Russian Federation can draw up UE either according to the rules of PBU 1/2008, or according to the rules of the country of origin, but then they should not contradict IFRS (clause 1 of PBU 1/2008).
• Methods of maintaining accounting include methods of grouping, assessing the facts of economic activity, repaying the value of assets, organizing document flow and processing information, inventory, using accounts and registers of accounting (clause 2 of PBU 1/2008).

Section II contains detailed instructions for the formation of the UP and a checklist of what should be in the UP.

What to pay attention to:

• The UP is compiled by the chief accountant or the person responsible for maintaining accounting records in the company, and is approved by the manager by order or directive (clause 4 of PBU 1/2008).
• UP is based on the following assumptions: property isolation, continuity of activity, consistency of application of UP and time certainty of business operations (clause 5 of PBU 1/2008).
• The requirements for UP are: completeness, timeliness, prudence, consistency, rationality of reflecting business operations, priority of content over form (clause 5 of PBU 1/2008).
• companies that are allowed to use simplified accounting methods can keep records without double entry (clause 6.1 of PBU 1/2008) and, when independently choosing an accounting method, be guided only by the requirement of rationality (clause 7.2 of PBU 1/2008).
• If you have just recently created a company or reorganized an existing one, then the UP for the BU should be formed within 90 days from the date of state registration, and after approval, the UP is considered valid from the moment of state registration of the company.
• The methods of maintaining accounting records recorded in the UP are applied from the beginning of the calendar year following the year of approval of the UP, by all divisions of the legal entity, even if they are allocated to a separate balance sheet (clause 9 of PBU 1/2008).

Section III is devoted to changes in the CP.

What to pay attention to:

• Changes to the accounting policies come into force from the beginning of the next reporting year or in exceptional cases, which were discussed in the section “What are accounting policies”.
• Changes to the management program are made by instructions or orders of the manager.
• The approval of methods for conducting accounting for new business operations that are significantly different from those carried out by the organization previously, or that arose for the first time in the company’s activities (clause 10 of PBU 1/2008) is not considered a change in the CP.
• The results of changes in the UE are expressed in monetary terms, and are reflected in accounting in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. If the PP has changed not due to changes in legislation, then the consequences of the change in the PP should be reflected retrospectively, that is, by adjusting the opening balance under the item “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)” for the earliest period presented in the reporting and presenting related reporting items as if if the new UP had been applied earlier (clauses 13, 14 of PBU 1/2008).
• Firms that use simplified methods of accounting reflect in their accounting records the consequences of changing the accounting program without retrospective recalculation, unless otherwise established by the legislation of the Russian Federation (clause 15.1 of PBU 1/2008).

Section IV of PBU 1/2008 informs the accountant about the need to disclose the provisions of the UP in accounting reports.

What to pay attention to:

• Information about the UE should be disclosed in an explanatory note (Appendix 3 to the order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 2, 2010 No. 66n).
• If the UE is formed taking into account the assumptions from clause 5 of PBU 1/2008, then such assumptions may not be voiced in the accounting reports. In other cases, the composition and volume of information about the UE subject to disclosure in accounting statements is determined in accordance with other PBUs. If there are doubts about the applicability of the continuity assumption, they must be pointed out and the reasons for such doubts must be given (clauses 19, 20 of PBU 1/2008).
• The essential methods of accounting adopted in the organization are revealed (clause 17 of PBU 1/2008).
• When changing the UE, the explanatory note records the reasons for the changes, their essence, the procedure for reflecting the results of the change in the accounting records and the amount of adjustments for reporting items (clause 21 of PBU 1/2008).
• If an organization plans to change some provisions of the CP for the next reporting year, then this fact must be documented in the explanations to the accounting reports for the current period (clause 25 of PBU 1/2008).

What to reflect in accounting policies for tax purposes

Many points will have something in common with the accounting management system. In this case, disagreements may arise. For example, no one forbids choosing different methods of calculating depreciation. Difficulties with accounting, of course, will appear, but sometimes this can significantly reduce the tax burden.

The content of the tax management program depends on the chosen taxation regime. For example, with the simplified tax system, it is enough to fix the methods for distributing the company’s expenses. On UTII, it is enough to choose how management personnel will be distributed when carrying out several types of activities.

Difficulties begin with OSNO. Here you need to reflect issues related to accounting for VAT, income tax and property tax.

Tax management requires more attention than accounting, since tax legislation is constantly changing. You need to monitor changes and, if necessary, adjust the policy to ensure it meets the latest requirements.

Is it possible to change the accounting policy

You can make changes to your accounting policies. Paragraph 6 of Article 8 of the Federal Law “On Accounting” explains when this can be done:

• legislation has changed;
• you have developed a new way of doing accounting;
• your working conditions have changed.

All changes are made on the basis of an order signed by the manager.

Differences between PBU 1/08 “Accounting Policies of an Organization” and PBU 1/98 “Accounting Policies of an Organization”

As mentioned above, PBU 1/2008 “Accounting Policy of the Organization” is currently in force, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated October 6, 2008 No. 106n.

Below in the table we present the key differences between PBU 1/2008 and PBU 1/98, which was in force previously:

What happens if I haven’t drawn up an accounting policy?

At first, you are in no danger. There are no fines for this. But when checking, the Federal Tax Service has the right to request your UE. A fine will be imposed for failure to provide it.

In addition, the tax office strictly checks your transactions for compliance with accounting policies. And if it is missing, then wait for additional charges.

To make your work easier and save time, consider the accounting web service Kontur.Accounting. It has already developed accounting policy options for different tax regimes and their combination. The program makes it easy and convenient to maintain accounting and tax records, pay taxes, salaries, and submit reports via the Internet. We give all newbies a free 14-day trial period.

Results

It is not for nothing that PBU 1/2008 “Accounting Policy of an Organization” has the first serial number among all PBUs, since the UP is the most important document for organizing the accounting of an economic entity. The Regulations contain the rules for drawing up, approving and amending the CP, and also describe the procedure for choosing methods for maintaining BU.

See also the section "Accounting Policies - 2021".

You can find more complete information on the topic in ConsultantPlus. Free trial access to the system for 2 days.